It means 265 mm tyre width, a 45% sidewall profile, radial construction (R), and a 19-inch rim diameter. To confirm fitment, match the full sidewall code on your current tyres and check the vehicle sticker (often on the driver door shut) for the approved size, load index and speed rating.
Yes - many brands offer all-season choices in this size, designed to handle wet roads and cooler temperatures while staying practical in summer. If you want the best cold-weather performance, choose an all-season tyre with the 3PMSF snowflake symbol, then match the load index and speed rating your vehicle requires.
Many vehicles that use this size are heavier or carry higher axle loads, so XL (extra load) is common. Use your existing tyre markings and your vehicle placard to confirm the required load index, and only choose XL if it matches or exceeds the manufacturer specification.
It can be, and this size is often seen on the rear axle where the manufacturer specifies a wider tyre. Keep the same tyre type and construction across each axle (and ideally the same model across all four), and avoid changing sizes without checking the approved fitments for your exact vehicle and wheel widths.
Runflat versions are available from several manufacturers, but you should only fit them if your vehicle is set up for runflats or you are comfortable with the ride characteristics. Switching to standard tyres is sometimes possible, but check whether you rely on runflats due to having no spare wheel, and replace tyres in pairs on the same axle to keep handling consistent.